Git: Some examples

Hi,

my git example collection…to be continued
Global Config
Set your username
git config --global user.name "Michael"

Your E-Mail Address
git config --global user.email info@michlstechblog.info
Your favorite Editor on Windows
git config --global core.editor "'D:/Tools/Notepad++/notepad++.exe -nosession -multiInst'"
and on UNIX
git config --global core.editor vi
Disable automatic Linefeed conversation
git config --global core.autocrlf false
Convert lineending while cloning
git config --global core.eol lf git config --global core.autocrlf input
Set the default UI encoding
git config --global gui.encoding utf-8
View config
git config git config --list git config user.name
Mergetool
git config --global merge.tool xxdiff git config --global merge.tool kdiff3 git config --global merge.tool meld
Mergetool on Windows
git config --global merge.tool winmerge git config --global winmerge.cmd = "'C:/Program Files (x86)/WinMerge/WinMergeU.exe'" -e "$LOCAL" "$REMOTE"
Configure a proxy server
git config --global http.proxy http://192.168.233.13:8080 git config --global https.proxy http://192.168.233.13:8080
Colored UI
git config --global color.ui true
Aliases
git config --global alias.co checkout git config --global alias.unstage 'reset HEAD --'

To get some debug information. Set the following environment variables
GIT_CURL_VERBOSE=1 GIT_TRACE=1 GIT_TRACE_PACKET=1
Note: HEAD => Pointer to your current branch/commit. The branch points to the last commit

Project based
Creates a new git repository in the current working folder
git init
Clone an existing project
git clone https://github.com/knxd/knxd
Just clone a repository (not checkout a working copy, just the latest commit) and get one file as working copy
git clone -n git://path/repository.git --depth 1 clonerepo cd clonerepo git checkout HEAD FileToGet
Clone a specific tag or branch
git clone --depth 1 --branch MyBranch https://github.com/knxd/knxd
Pushing local changes to origin in branch master
git push origin master
Pushing all branches
git push origin --all
Push local branch v1.0.0.0 as remote branch v1.0.0.0
git push origin v1.0.0.0:v1.0.0.0
Refresh remote branch and create a new branch
git fetch origin git checkout -b newBranchFromMaster origin/master
Checkout a pull request. For example Pull with ID 666. Fetch the pull request into a new branch
git fetch origin pull/666/head:myPullrequestBranch git checkout myPullrequestBranch

Some error message that often occurs while pushing your changes up to github:
By using git protokoll
fatal: remote error: You can't push to git://github.com/user_name/project.git
or by https protocol
remote: Permission to user_name/project denied to GitUser. fatal: unable to access 'https://github.com/user_name/project/': The requested URL returned error: 403
Pushing works only over ssh. git@github.com/user_name/project. The Username must be set to git otherwise you get an Permission denied (publickey) error.

Remote Repositories
To which remote server is the project configured
git remote -v origin https://github.com/Race666/install-knxd.git
Add an additional remote repository
git remote add fork https://github.com/Race667/install-knxd-fork.git
Set/overwrite the url, maybe change from git:// to https://
git remote get-url origin git://github.com/user_name/project git remote set-url origin git@github.com/user_name/project
get remote repository to fork/master and other branches fork/branch1 …. No merge is done at this time
git fetch fork
Show remote repository
git remote show origin git remote show fork
Rename the my local remote repository name
git remote rename fork forkNewName
Remove the remote repository
git remote rm forkNewName

git pull
Covert a repository in a bare repository. A bare repository does not held a working copy of your project
git config --bool core.bare true
Refresh your working copy from repository
git reset --hard
Clean up your working copy
git clean -d -x -f
Add all files to a respositories staging area (INDEX)
git add --all
Add an specific file to staging
git add test/test.txt
Undo a add changes in staging area
git reset HEAD test/test.txt
Also reset the file to the latest commited version
git checkout -- test/test.txt
Unstage all
git reset HEAD
And reset working directory
git checkout -- *
Show difference between repositories staging area and working tree(uncommited changes)
Remove a file from staging (INDEX), the file would also deleted from working directory git rm test/test.txt Just remove a file from staging area but leave the file in the working directory. Maybe you have forgotten to add the file to .gitignore git rm test/test.txt --cached Rename a file git rm test/test.txt test/testmoved.txt git diff
Show differences from INDEX which are to commit
git diff --cached # or git diff --staged

Commit changes
git commit -m "Changes done. v1.4.0.0"
Stage and Commit changes (git add && git commit)
git commit -am "Changes done. v1.4.0.0"

Commit from outside the working directory
git --git-dir=/home/michael/docs/.git/ --work-tree=/home/michael/docs/ commit -am "Changes commited"
Changes the last commit, may be you forgotten to add a file or want to edit the commit message
git commit --amend
Same as above but read commit message from a file
git commit --amend -F ./mynew_commit_message.txt
Delete last commit(s) (its not really a delete, it’s just set the head to a specific commit), determine commit to set
git log
and set HEAD to the commit. –soft leaves the working tree untouched so you can stage and commit your changes again.
git reset --soft e6ee3dba38b0b771668dfbc229c4295428566c63
If you want to push such a change, you must force the push(i.e. if you want to delete at github)
git push origin +master

List commits
git log --pretty=oneline
Show log from outside the working directory
git --git-dir=/home/michael/docs/.git/ --work-tree=/home/michael/docs/ log
List last 3 commits and changes/patch -p
git log -3 -p
Word diff , makes no sense for source code
git log -3 -p --word-diff
Formated log output examples, –graph shows a simple branch/merge history
git log -3 --pretty=[online|short|full|fuller] git log -3 --pretty=format:"%h - %an, %ar : %s" git log -3 --pretty=format:"%h - %an, %ar : %s" --graph # Newer then git log -3 --since "2017-05-22" git log -3 --after "2017-05-22" # Older then git log -3 --until"2017-05-22" git log -3 --before "2017-05-22" # From a committer git log --committer Michael # From a Author git log --author Michael

Get the short id of the last commit
git rev-parse --short HEAD
Go to/undo last commit and loose all changes, delete last commit
git reset --hard HEAD~1
or get commit id and reset working directory to this
To push the commit deletion to github you have to force pull with a + sign in front of your branch name git push origin +master git log git reset --hard 7f1393782c1daeb008378e10090aa9a51d64082d
Go to a specific commit
git reset --hard f9a0864228b7c93e2974907c6439761f3d5acda7
List files in index. Its the virtual state of an repository, and does not match the files in the working copy
git ls-files --stage
Finding a file in a repository
git ls-files --stage | grep -i Filename
Create a tag
git tag -a v1.4.0.0 -m v1.4.0.0
If you are owner of a gpg key. Sign a tag
git tag -s v1.4.0.0 -m v1.4.0.0
Check signing of a tag
git tag -v v1.4.0.0
Tag a commit
git tag -a v1.0.0.0 -m v1.0.0.0 f9a08648
Show the commit for a specific tag
git rev-list -n 1 v1.0.0.0
Publish a tag, not done by default
git push origin v1.0.0.0
Or publish all tags
git push origin --tags
Delete a tag
git tag -d v0.7.7
And push the delete tag (i.e. to github)
git push origin +master :v0.7.7

Checkout a version from a specific date
# ToTest: git checkout ‘master@{2009-07-27 13:37:00}’
git checkout `git rev-list -n 1 --before="2009-07-27 13:37" master`
Checkout a tag
git checkout tags/v0.12.12
List details of a tag
git show --name-only v4.11
Checkout latest
git checkout master
Get last commits from origin
git pull
List all branches
git branch -a
List branch with its last commit
git branch -v
Create a branch
git branch MyDevBranch21
Checkout a branch
git checkout MyDevBranch21
Create branch from commit
git branch newbranch 3af8c781d89a34a76f7435648676744673d78e0c5c230
Delete a branch on github
git push -d origin merge
Merge the branch
git checkout master git merge MyDevBranch21
List merged branches
git branch --merged
List branches not merged
git branch --no-merged

On Merge conflicts edit the unmerged file, edit the marked section. <<<<< => current branch, ===== => spliter, >>>>>> end branch to merge
<<<<<<< HEAD include <stdio.c> ======= include <stdio.h> >>>>>>> mydevbranch
and add the changed file to stage.
or start mergetool
git mergetool
Stash dirty (not commited) changes of your working directory (by default untracked and ignored files are not stashed)
git stash
Reapply stashed changes
git stash pop
Reapply stashed changes and keep stash
git stash apply
List all stashes
git stash list
Apply stash from list
git stash pop stash@{2}

If you have a detached HEAD, this occures when you checkout a commit, then you makes changes in this commit and went back to master the changes seems lost. To get it back see the ref log for your lost commit
git reflog --all ec51ec1 HEAD@{0}: checkout: moving from 88d682c130e8556fa80f4a42a428ee66070751a2 to master 88d682c HEAD@{1}: commit: midcommit2
or
git log -g --pretty=oneline ec51ec1050c381c90fb5b82dccebb27772444d01 HEAD@{0}: checkout: moving from 88d682c130e8556fa80f4a42a428ee66070751a2 to master 88d682c130e8556fa80f4a42a428ee66070751a2 HEAD@{1}: commit: midcommit2
and merge the detached commit/head “commit: midcommit2” => HEAD@{1}
git merge HEAD@{1}
or with the hash, this makes it unique because HEAD@{x} changes each time you make a checkout,reset, merge or commit…
git merge 88d682c130e8556fa80f4a42a428ee66070751a2
Change E-Mail and Author of a commit => You have to rebase the commit
git rebase -i midcommit2
Change the date of an old commit. Rebase the commit interactive. This oens a text editor
git rebase -i 0224b7acfa9cafe30251efc13ec59244d2f1b488^
Replace pick with edit and save the changes
edit 0224b7a Some commit description
Change the date
GIT_COMMITTER_DATE="Thu Sep 25 23:55:32 2019 +0200" git commit --amend --no-edit --date "Thu Sep 25 23:55:32 2019 +0200"
and save it
git rebase --continue

Your text editor opens and you have to set all commits to change to edit
e b136cc3 Clone commit e a38ac0e Last commit e d0a1dc8 detached # Rebase f737209..
After saving and closing the editor, take changes and go to next commit(s)
git commit --amend --author "The Newname <email@newdomain.org>" --no-edit git rebase --continue

Exclusions
Create a .gitignore file in the repository root. # are comments. Example Filepatterns:
*.exe* *.log *.rl log.txt old*/** *.opt-????????* *.lic-????????*
Add just specific file type to a git repository. Create Create a .gitignore file in the repository root
# ignore everything * # Add directories !*/ # And add file types you want !*.one !*.two !*.etc

List all commits of a file
git log --follow yourFilename
List details of a commit
git show 8af8c781d89a34a76f70049b7734673d78e0c5c230
and with changed files
git show --summary 8af8c781d89a34a76f70049b7734673d78e0c5c230
Find when a file was added
git log --diff-filter=A -- yourPath/yourFilename
Difference between 2 commits
git diff 3af8c781d89a34a76f7435648676744673d78e0c5c230 8af8c781d89a34a76f70049b7734673d78e0c5c230

Sync your forked project from the master you forked from
# Clone my repository git clone https://github.com/myGitHubUser/knxd.git knxd cd knxd # The repository you forked from git remote add upstream https://github.com/knxd/knxd.git git fetch upstream git pull git push origin +master
If a merge conflict occures (error: Merging is not possible because you have unmerged files…fatal: Exiting because of an unresolved conflict. )abort merging before git pull
git merge --abort git pull ....
Optimize a repository and delete unneeded files
git gc --auto
Run Health check and check objects in database
git fsck

Michael

Michls Tech Blog

Git: Some examples

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